(Not Cleaned)

NORM

• Radiation cannot be cleaned – the solids must be injected or landfilled

Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S)

• This is a gas phase constituent – vapors must be purged and captured

Heavy Metals (i.e., Hg or As)

• Heavy metals require extraction – the solids must be injected or landfilled

Pyrophoric Solids (i.e., FeS)

• These are combustible items – requires chemical treatment or keep inert for injection/landfill

(Cleaned)

Liquid Hydrocarbon (Oil) Coating

• Sand cleaning removes adsorbed oil coating from solid particles for overboard discharge
• Purpose is to clean the sand for disposal – not recover the oil

References:

1. Rawlins, C.H. and Wang, I. 2001. “Design and Installation of a Sand-Separation and -Handling System for a Gulf of Mexico Oil Production Facility”. SPE Production and Facilities, August, pp. 134-140. https://doi.org/10.2118/72999-PA
2. Rawlins, C.H. 2019. “Enhanced Production Through Surface Facilities Sand Management.” SPE Distinguished Lecturer presentation. Link here

Next week I will cover “What Is/Is-Not Cleaned from Produced Solids”.